Differences in processing in the dorsal and ventral visual pathways

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Reply to:Some of the differences in processing in the dorsal and ventral visual pathways include that the ventral stream, (the What), originates in primary visual cortex and extends along the ventral surface into the temporal cortex. In contrast, the dorsal stream, (the Where) also arises in primary visual cortex but continues along the dorsal surface into parietal cortex (Hebart & Hesselmann, 2012). The ventral stream is sometimes nicknamed the “vision-for-perception” pathway. It is believed to mainly work towards recognition and discrimination of visual shapes and objects. The dorsal stream can be nicknamed the “vision-for-action” pathway, and has been primarily associated with “visually guided reaching and grasping based on the moment-to-moment analysis of the spatial location, shape, and orientation of objects” (Hebart & Hesselmann, 2012).
If I had a friend who had an injured dorsal visual pathway, that might manifest as optic ataxia, where there is a deficit in reaching and grasping objects. They may reach too far or too near from the object, or have difficulties climbing stairs. If this friend had an injured ventral visual pathway, that might look like an inability to visually identify and descriminate between objects (Van Polanen & Davare, 2015). Additionally, faces, facial expressions, and reading could all be daily challenges (Dutton, 2003, p. 298).
Deficits in their daily functioning from an injured ventral visual pathway would include an inability to label an item, such as a pencil, but be able to use the pencil as the ability to use “vision-for-action” is still intact. Contrastingly, deficits in their daily functioning from an injured dorsal visual pathway would include an inability to be spacially aware of the pencil, inhibiting the ability to use hand-eye coordination, but the ability to label the pencil would still be intact. Thanks for reading!
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blem with this argument, though, is that is suggesting that war should be as bloody and dangerous as possible in order for it to be known as a last resort (Lin et al. 2008). Taken to the extreme, the argument seems to imply that we should increase the barriers of war, to make fighting as gruesome and as brutal as possible, again referring to Vietnam when they used operation agent orange when napalm was dropped into the Vietnamese jungle burning anyone/anything that came in contact with it. However, we must remember that this would only suit the richer nations and those nations who are lower economically developed countries may not want to take part in this war. Therefore we must wonder what the best way to go about war is. How should two nations or multiple nations approach it in the future with the influence of robotics certainly on the rise? With many people believing that robotic warfare is the best ethical option as with airstrikes it can produce precision airstrikes on the enemy. Ultimately claiming to save lives however how do we know that these airstrikes are going to be “pinpoint” these attacks could be instead killing many innocent people. According to (Wright 2007)”these machines may not take into account environmental factors.” Will these robots however be able to distinguish between injured soldiers or soldiers who have surrendered? This again is another key ethical issue. One of the most commonly asked questions about any sort of military machinery is,” what would happen if it had a system malfunction?” The consequences described by (Wright 2007),” would be catastrophic.” Although this is a very rare occurrence it is important to remember that anything is possible. This is why there is a definite element of risk involved when using robots. Even though there are constant and rigorous checks it’s important to remember that all it can take is one lapse in judgement to cause a disaster. An example would be the case in South Africa. (Ball 2007) goes on to say that the death of 14 people was simply caused by a robotic malfunction…engineers all over the world were stunned that this was caused by simply a robotic malfunction. When we look at the case of drones to spy on the enemy. Some experts describe operating a drone as a “Game mentality.” This basically meant that they believed the operator of these drones didn’t really consider the damage that these drones can cause to people on the ground otherwise known as virtual reality. One of the key issues with these people is that they believe the operator of these drones were not trained to the correct level. An example of this could be one of the multiple attacks which occurred in Afghanistan example a military drone falsely identified non-combatants and killed 12 innocent civilians in the process. This again shows just how dangerous a lapse in judgement these military drones can be in terms of their impact. Overall to conclude I believe that the robotics industry is rapidly advancing and already gi>

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