Miami Dade College Emerging Diseases Discussion

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5/cezai/Downloads/Microbiology%20an%20intro ‘uction%20by%20G + 3 view | A Rea potentially lethal bacteria. What can the emergency department physiclan tel. Indp į about MRSA? 18 I impacts, with over 28,000 people infected over the next two years. Over one-third of those infected died. This time, a small number of health care workers from the United States and Europe who had been working with Ebola patients in Africa brought the disease back with them to their home countries, sparking fears that the disease would gain a foothold elsewhere in the world. Marburg Virus Recorded cases of Marburg virus, another hemorrhagic ſever virus, are rare. The first cases were laboratory workers in Europe who handled African green monkeys from Uganda. Thirteen outbreaks were identified in Africa between 1975 and 2016, involving 1 to 252 people, with 57% mortality. African fruit bats are the natural reservoir for the Marburg virus, and micro- biologists suspect that bats are also the reservoir for Ebola. Just as microbiological techniques helped researchers in the fight against syphilis and smallpox, they will help scien- tists discover the causes of new emerging infectious diseases in the twenty-first century. Undoubtedly there will be new diseases. Ebolavirus and Influenzavirus are examples of viruses that may be changing their abilities to inſect different host spe. cies. Emerging infectious diseases will be discussed further in Chapter 14 on page 411. Inſectic diseases may reemerge because of antibiotic resistance and through the use of microorganisms as weapons. Y O E (NH modern transportation. Some EIDs are the result of increase human exposure to new, unusual infectious agents in area PART ONE Fundamentals of Microblology Influenza A viruses are found in many different animals, including ducks, chickens, pigs, whales, horses, and seals. Normally, each subtype of influenza A virus is specific to certain species. However, influenza A viruses normally seen in one species sometimes can cross over and cause illness in another species, and all subtypes of influenza A virus can infect pigs. Although it is unusual for people to get influenza infections directly from animals, sporadic human infections and outbreaks caused by certain avian influenza A viruses and pig influenza viruses have been reported. Fortunately, the virus has not yet evolved to be transmitted successfully among humans. Human infections with avian influenza viruses detected since 1997 have not resulted in sustained human-to-human transmission. However, because influenza viruses have the potential to change and gain the ability to spread easily between people, monitoring for human infection and person- to-person transmission is important (see the box in Chapter 13 on page 367). O ead aloud V Draw 3 y Highlight Erase CHAPTER 1 The Mleroblal World and You that are undergoing ecologic changes such as deforestation and construction (e.g., Venezuelan hemorrhagic virus). Some EIDs are due to changes in the pathogen’s ecology. For exam- ple, Powassan virus (POWV) was transmitted by ticks that don’t usually bite humans. However, the virus recently became established in the same deer ticks that transmit Lyme disease. An increasing number of incidents in recent years highlights the extent of the problem. Zika Virus Diseas In 2015, the world became aware of Zika virus disease. Zika virus is spread by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito; sex- ual transmission has also occurred. Zika is a mild disease usu- ally presenting with fever, rash, and joint pain. However, Zika infection during pregnancy can cause severe birth defects in a fetus. The virus was discovered in 1947 in the Zika Forest of Uganda, but until 2007, only 14 cases of Zika virus disease were known. The first Zika epidemic occurred on the island of Yap in Micronesia in 2007, when 73% of the people became infected. Between 2013 and 2015, Zika epidemics occurred in French Polynesia and Brazil. Over 1600 cases of Zika have occurred in the United States. Until mid-2016, they were all acquired during travel to endemic areas (except one laboratory. acquired infection). However, the first U.S. cases of transmis sion by mosquitoes occurred in Florida during the summer of 2016. MAJIFnct poentatavaeundroma Inne 79°F Parti a 5 Intaction is caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA produces B-lactamase, an enzyme that destroys B-lactam antibiotics. The attending physician surg’ y drains the pus from the sore on Andrea’s wrist. How does antiblotic resistance devel- 3 18 19 correctly. However, wiping every household surface with these antibacterial agents creates an environment in which the resis- tant bacteria survive. Unfortunately, when you really need to disinfect your homes and hands-for example, when a family member comes home from a hospital and is still vulnerable to infection-you may encounter mainly resistant bacteria. Routine housecleaning and handwashing are necessary, but standard soaps and detergents (without added antibacte- rials) are fine for these tasks. In addition, quickly evaporating chemicals, such as chlorine bleach, alcohol, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide, remove potentially pathogenic bacteria but do not leave residues that encourage the growth of resis- tant bacteria. In 2004, emergence of a new epidemic strain of Clostridium difficile (klo-STRID-ē-um DIF-fi-se-il) was reported. The epi- demic strain produces more toxins than others and is more resistant to antibiotics. In the United States, C. difficile infec tions kill nearly 29,000 people a year. Nearly all of the C. difficile infections occur in health care settings, where the infection is frequently transmitted between patients via health care person- nel whose hands are contaminated after contact with inſected patients or their surrounding environment. 79°F chp /Users/cezai/Downloads/Microbiology%20an%20introduction%20by%2 + CA Page view | AN T H Antlblotle Reslstant Infections Antibiotics are critical in treating bacterial infections. However, years of overuse and misuse of these drugs have created envi- ronments in which antibiotic-resistant bacteria thrive. Random mutations in bacterial genes can make a bacterium resistant to an antibiotic. In the presence of that antibiotic, this bacterium has an advantage over other, susceptible bacteria and is able to proliferate. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a global health crisis. Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of human infec- tions from pimples and boils to pneumonia, food poisoning, and surgical wound infections, and it is a significant cause of hospital-associated infections. After penicillin’s initial suc- cess in treating S. aureus infection, penicillin-resistant S. aureus became a major threat in hospitals in the 1950s, requiring the use of methicillin. In the 1980s, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, called MRSA, emerged and became endemic in many hospitals, leading to increasing use of vancomycin. In the late 1990s, S. aureus infections that were less sensitive to vanco- mycin (vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus, or VISA) were reported. In 2002, the first infection caused by vancomycin- resistant S. aureus (VRSA) in a patient in the United States was reported. In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that in Asia and eastern Europe, about 35% of all individuals with tuberculosis (TB) had the multidrug-resistant form of the disease (MDR-TB). Multidrug resistant TB is caused by bacteria that are resistant to at least the antibiotics isoniazid and rilam. picin, the most effective drugs against tuberculosis. The antibacterial substances. added to various house- hold cleaning products inhibit bacterial growth when used 1 E d a e O

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