(Mt) – EDD 701 CU Research Question to Instrument to Coding Project

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Qualitative Data Analysis EDD 701 Four Elements that inform one another epistemology theoretical perspective methodology methods (Ctrotty, 1998, p.4) Basic Elements of any Research Process • Epistemology – Theory of knowledge embedded in the theoretical perspective & thereby the methodology • Methods – Techniques/procedures used to gather & analyse data related to some research question • Methodology – Strategy, plan of action, process or design that direct the choice & use of particular methods & link the choice to desired outcomes • Theoretical perspective – Philosophical stance informing methodology, providing context for process & grounding its logic & criteria Approaches to Coding Induction vs. Deduction Induction vs. Deduction Deduction generalises from principles to events. This involves logic or hypothesis testing. As long as an idea is not proven to be false, it may, in fact, be true. Principle Events, Examples, Incidents Induction vs. Deduction Induction generalises from individual cases to laws. Induction involves coming to know based on past events. Principle Events, Examples, Incidents Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Foregrounding Foregrounding Foregrounding Foregrounding Foregrounding Foregrounding Foregrounding What is a code? The data and thus coding processes can range in magnitude from a single word to a full paragraph or an entire page of text to a stream of moving images. Attributes specific meaning to each individual datum for purposes of pattern detection, categorization, and other analytic processes. Examples: SENSE OF SELF-WORTH; STABILITY; “COMFORTABLE”. Coding Coding is NOT just labeling. It is linking Qualitative codes are essence-capturing Coding generates the bones of your analysis… integration will assemble those bones into a working skeleton. Coding Coding is Not a precise science. It is an interpretive act. First Cycle Codes and Coding • Codes are labels that assign symbolic meaning to the descriptive or inferential information compiled during a study. • Codes are usually attached to data “chunks if varying size and can take the form of a straightforward, descriptive label or a more evocative and complex one. How is coding done? • • • • • • Look for the gerunds – the doing… “What is going on?” What are people doing? What is the person saying? What do these actions and statements take for granted? How do structure and context serve to support, maintain, impede or change these actions and statements? (Charmaz 2003: 94-95) First Cycle Coding Examples • Descriptive Coding • Provisional Coding • • • • • • • • • • • • • • In Vivo Coding Process Coding Emotion Coding Values Coding Evaluation Coding Dramaturgical Coding Holistic Coding Hypothesis Coding Protocol Coding Causation Coding Attribute Coding Magnitude Coding Sub coding Simultaneous Coding Have a go at First Cycle Coding ☺ • Excerpt is taken from my dissertation topic: Black Boys and Texts: A Study of Dialogic Literacy Experiences • There were seven participants and this is one of their postinterviews • For now, please code anything that stands out to you Codes are usually attached to data “chunks if varying size and can take the form of a straightforward, descriptive label or a more evocative and complex one. Patterns As qualitative researchers, we seek patterns as somewhat stable indicators of humans’ ways of living and working to render the world “more comprehensible, predictable, and tractable. Patterns A pattern is a repetitive, regular, or consistent occurrences of action/data that appear more than twice. “At a basic level, pattern concerns the relation between unity and multiplicity. Patterns A pattern may be characterised by: • • • • • Similarity (things happen the same way) Difference (they happen in predictably different ways) Frequency (they happen often or seldom) Sequence (they happen in a certain order) Correspondence (they happen in relation to other activities or events) • Causation (one appears to cause another) Note Cycles Pattern Coding • Pattern coding as a second cycle method, is a way of grouping those summaries into a smaller number of categories, themes or constructs. • Pattern codes are explanatory or inferential codes, ones that identify an emergent theme, configuration, or explanation. They pull together a lot of material from First Cycle coding into more meaningful and parsimonious units of analysis. They are sort of a meta-code. Pattern Coding • Categories or Themes • Causes/ explanations • Relationships among people • Theoretical Constructs Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Code Category Code Code Themes/ Concepts Category Code Code Category Code Subcategory Code Subcode Subcode Subcategory Assertions/ Theory Coding, Categorising and theming Your Work Closing Thoughts Sage Advice Data condensation refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and/or transforming the data that appear in the full corpus of written-up field notes, interview transcripts, documents, and other empirical materials. By condensing, we’re making data stronger. Ethics within Educational Research What are Research Ethics? • Central issue in educational research and no research can be conducted without due regard to ethics. • Ethics closely associated with morals and involve embracing moral issues in the context of working with humans (Gregory, 2003). • Ethics have evolved to include issues beyond humans, incorporating a respect for and conservation of the environment. • Ethics also located within human rights and democracy discourse. Ethical Issues to Anticipate • Research involves collecting data from people, about people (Punch, 2014). • Researchers need to protect their participants • Develop trust • Promote integrity of the research • Guard against misconduct and impropriety that might reflect on their organisations or institutions • Cope with new and challenging problems • Applicable to every stage of the research process and applies to mixed methods, quantitative and qualitative research (Creswell & Creswell, 2018, pp. 89-90) (Israel & Hay as cited in Creswell & Creswell, 2018) c Prior to Beginning the Study • Consider code of ethics. Consult early in development of your proposal • Apply to the institutional review board (IRB). This is protection against human rights violations. This includes physical, psychological, social, economic, or legal harm. • Obtain necessary permissions. Gatekeepers to access sites and participants. • Select a site without vested interest • Negotiate authorship of publication Beginning the Study • Identify a beneficial research problem–something that will benefit individuals studied • Disclose purpose of the study • Do not pressure participants into signing consent forms • Respect norms and charters of indigenous cultures Collecting Data • Respect the site and disrupt as little as possible • Make sure that all participants receive the benefits • Avoid deceiving participants • Respect potential power imbalances • Avoid exploitation of participants • Avoid collecting harmful information Analyzing data • Avoid going native • Avoid disclosing only positive results • Respect the privacy of participants Reporting, Sharing, and Storing Data • Falsifying authorship, evidence, data, findings or conclusions • Do not plagiarize • Avoid disclosing information that would harm participants • Communicate in clear, straightforward, appropriate language • Share data with others • Keep raw data and other materials • Do not duplicate or piecemeal publications • Complete proof of compliance with ethical issues and a lack of conflict of interest • Understand who owns the data Scenarios Involving Research Ethics • You are going to select one of the options below and role play/act it out. Your peers have to guess which scenario you are illustrating, and whether the scenario is ethical or not. You have to state why. Enjoy! ☺

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