Qualitative Data Analysis EDD 701 Four Elements that inform one another epistemology theoretical perspective methodology methods (Ctrotty, 1998, p.4) Basic Elements of any Research Process \u2022 Epistemology \u2013 Theory of knowledge embedded in the theoretical perspective & thereby the methodology \u2022 Methods \u2013 Techniques\/procedures used to gather & analyse data related to some research question \u2022 Methodology \u2013 Strategy, plan of action, process or design that direct the choice & use of particular methods & link the choice to desired outcomes \u2022 Theoretical perspective \u2013 Philosophical stance informing methodology, providing context for process & grounding its logic & criteria Approaches to Coding Induction vs. Deduction Induction vs. Deduction Deduction generalises from principles to events. This involves logic or hypothesis testing. As long as an idea is not proven to be false, it may, in fact, be true. Principle Events, Examples, Incidents Induction vs. Deduction Induction generalises from individual cases to laws. Induction involves coming to know based on past events. Principle Events, Examples, Incidents Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Backgrounding Foregrounding Foregrounding Foregrounding Foregrounding Foregrounding Foregrounding Foregrounding What is a code? The data and thus coding processes can range in magnitude from a single word to a full paragraph or an entire page of text to a stream of moving images. Attributes specific meaning to each individual datum for purposes of pattern detection, categorization, and other analytic processes. Examples: SENSE OF SELF-WORTH; STABILITY; \u201cCOMFORTABLE\u201d. Coding Coding is NOT just labeling. It is linking Qualitative codes are essence-capturing Coding generates the bones of your analysis\u2026 integration will assemble those bones into a working skeleton. Coding Coding is Not a precise science. It is an interpretive act. First Cycle Codes and Coding \u2022 Codes are labels that assign symbolic meaning to the descriptive or inferential information compiled during a study. \u2022 Codes are usually attached to data \u201cchunks if varying size and can take the form of a straightforward, descriptive label or a more evocative and complex one. How is coding done? \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 Look for the gerunds \u2013 the doing\u2026 \u201cWhat is going on?\u201d What are people doing? What is the person saying? What do these actions and statements take for granted? How do structure and context serve to support, maintain, impede or change these actions and statements? (Charmaz 2003: 94-95) First Cycle Coding Examples \u2022 Descriptive Coding \u2022 Provisional Coding \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 In Vivo Coding Process Coding Emotion Coding Values Coding Evaluation Coding Dramaturgical Coding Holistic Coding Hypothesis Coding Protocol Coding Causation Coding Attribute Coding Magnitude Coding Sub coding Simultaneous Coding Have a go at First Cycle Coding \u263a \u2022 Excerpt is taken from my dissertation topic: Black Boys and Texts: A Study of Dialogic Literacy Experiences \u2022 There were seven participants and this is one of their postinterviews \u2022 For now, please code anything that stands out to you Codes are usually attached to data \u201cchunks if varying size and can take the form of a straightforward, descriptive label or a more evocative and complex one. Patterns As qualitative researchers, we seek patterns as somewhat stable indicators of humans\u2019 ways of living and working to render the world \u201cmore comprehensible, predictable, and tractable. Patterns A pattern is a repetitive, regular, or consistent occurrences of action\/data that appear more than twice. \u201cAt a basic level, pattern concerns the relation between unity and multiplicity. Patterns A pattern may be characterised by: \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 Similarity (things happen the same way) Difference (they happen in predictably different ways) Frequency (they happen often or seldom) Sequence (they happen in a certain order) Correspondence (they happen in relation to other activities or events) \u2022 Causation (one appears to cause another) Note Cycles Pattern Coding \u2022 Pattern coding as a second cycle method, is a way of grouping those summaries into a smaller number of categories, themes or constructs. \u2022 Pattern codes are explanatory or inferential codes, ones that identify an emergent theme, configuration, or explanation. They pull together a lot of material from First Cycle coding into more meaningful and parsimonious units of analysis. They are sort of a meta-code. Pattern Coding \u2022 Categories or Themes \u2022 Causes\/ explanations \u2022 Relationships among people \u2022 Theoretical Constructs Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Code Category Code Code Themes\/ Concepts Category Code Code Category Code Subcategory Code Subcode Subcode Subcategory Assertions\/ Theory Coding, Categorising and theming Your Work Closing Thoughts Sage Advice Data condensation refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and\/or transforming the data that appear in the full corpus of written-up field notes, interview transcripts, documents, and other empirical materials. By condensing, we\u2019re making data stronger. Ethics within Educational Research What are Research Ethics? \u2022 Central issue in educational research and no research can be conducted without due regard to ethics. \u2022 Ethics closely associated with morals and involve embracing moral issues in the context of working with humans (Gregory, 2003). \u2022 Ethics have evolved to include issues beyond humans, incorporating a respect for and conservation of the environment. \u2022 Ethics also located within human rights and democracy discourse. Ethical Issues to Anticipate \u2022 Research involves collecting data from people, about people (Punch, 2014). \u2022 Researchers need to protect their participants \u2022 Develop trust \u2022 Promote integrity of the research \u2022 Guard against misconduct and impropriety that might reflect on their organisations or institutions \u2022 Cope with new and challenging problems \u2022 Applicable to every stage of the research process and applies to mixed methods, quantitative and qualitative research (Creswell & Creswell, 2018, pp. 89-90) (Israel & Hay as cited in Creswell & Creswell, 2018) c Prior to Beginning the Study \u2022 Consider code of ethics. Consult early in development of your proposal \u2022 Apply to the institutional review board (IRB). This is protection against human rights violations. This includes physical, psychological, social, economic, or legal harm. \u2022 Obtain necessary permissions. Gatekeepers to access sites and participants. \u2022 Select a site without vested interest \u2022 Negotiate authorship of publication Beginning the Study \u2022 Identify a beneficial research problem\u2013something that will benefit individuals studied \u2022 Disclose purpose of the study \u2022 Do not pressure participants into signing consent forms \u2022 Respect norms and charters of indigenous cultures Collecting Data \u2022 Respect the site and disrupt as little as possible \u2022 Make sure that all participants receive the benefits \u2022 Avoid deceiving participants \u2022 Respect potential power imbalances \u2022 Avoid exploitation of participants \u2022 Avoid collecting harmful information Analyzing data \u2022 Avoid going native \u2022 Avoid disclosing only positive results \u2022 Respect the privacy of participants Reporting, Sharing, and Storing Data \u2022 Falsifying authorship, evidence, data, findings or conclusions \u2022 Do not plagiarize \u2022 Avoid disclosing information that would harm participants \u2022 Communicate in clear, straightforward, appropriate language \u2022 Share data with others \u2022 Keep raw data and other materials \u2022 Do not duplicate or piecemeal publications \u2022 Complete proof of compliance with ethical issues and a lack of conflict of interest \u2022 Understand who owns the data Scenarios Involving Research Ethics \u2022 You are going to select one of the options below and role play\/act it out. Your peers have to guess which scenario you are illustrating, and whether the scenario is ethical or not. You have to state why. Enjoy! \u263a <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Qualitative Data Analysis EDD 701 Four Elements that inform one another epistemology theoretical perspective methodology methods (Ctrotty, 1998, p.4) Basic Elements of any Research Process \u2022 Epistemology \u2013 Theory of knowledge embedded in the theoretical perspective & thereby the methodology \u2022 Methods \u2013 Techniques\/procedures used to gather & analyse data related to some research question … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-101984","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101984","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=101984"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101984\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=101984"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=101984"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=101984"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}