{"id":102202,"date":"2022-02-18T20:23:54","date_gmt":"2022-02-18T20:23:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/reply-to-the-following\/"},"modified":"2022-02-18T20:23:54","modified_gmt":"2022-02-18T20:23:54","slug":"reply-to-the-following","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/reply-to-the-following\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2013 Reply to the following"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> \u2013 <\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><i><span>Depression<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0is<br \/>  a debilitating mental illness characterized by a change in mood,<br \/> particularly feelings of sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, and in<br \/> severe cases, thoughts of suicide. Worldwide, depression affects<br \/> approximately 3.8% of the population, with 700,000 deaths by suicide<br \/> (World Health Organization, 2021). In the U.S.A., the number of people<br \/> diagnosed with depression is approximately 21 million; however, the<br \/> number could be higher due to unreported cases of depression.<br \/> Implementing PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire) \u2013 a depression<br \/> screening tool composed of 9 questions \u2013 in the primary care setting<br \/> will help detect depression and treat or make referrals to specialty<br \/> providers.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>PICOT Question<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span>In<br \/>  primary care settings is implementation of a depression screening tool,<br \/>  such as PHQ-9, compared to non-implementation, beneficial in diagnosing<br \/>  and treating depression in adults over a period of 3 months.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><span>Quantitative research studies <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Last,<br \/>  B. S., Buttenheim, A. M., Futterer, A. C., Livesey, C., Jaeger,<br \/> J.,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stewart, R. E., Reilly, M., Press, M. J., Peifer, M., Wolk, C.<br \/> B., &#038; Beidas, R. S. (2021). A pilot study of participatory and rapid<br \/>  implementation approaches to increase depression screening in primary<br \/> care. BMC Family Practice, 22, 1\u201326. https:\/\/doi-org.databases.msutexas.edu\/10.1186\/s12875-021-01550-5<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>This<br \/>  research article is a 3-phased study developed by Penn Medicine and<br \/> implemented in 90 primary care practices. The phases were as follows<br \/> phase I: solicited ideas and barriers for increasing depression<br \/> screening; phase II: deliberation over and ranking the ideas; phase III:<br \/>  pilot the new idea in primary care practice using rapid prototyping for<br \/>  strategies designs. The patients completed a PHQ-2 form before the<br \/> visit, and the clinicians evaluated the results. If PHQ-2 was positive<br \/> (>2), the patient was directed to complete PHQ-9 or referred to a<br \/> mental health clinician, give a prescription for treatment, or the<br \/> clinician completes a depression follow-up plan or documentation of<br \/> results. Quantitative outcomes revealed that PHQ-2 rates were similar to<br \/>  usual care; however, tablets automatically directing to PHQ-9 after a<br \/> positive PHQ-2 increased the rates of PHQ-9 screenings. The qualitative<br \/> outcomes consist of an increased rate of depression due to automatic<br \/> generation of PHQ-9 after a positive PHQ-2 while before required manual<br \/> human intervention. The conclusion: implementing PHQ-9 in a primary<br \/> setting presents positive results with increased rates of detection of<br \/> depression compared to non-using PHQ-9. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Pfoh,<br \/>  E. R., Janmey, I., Anand, A., Martinez, K. A., Katzan, I., &#038;<br \/> Rothberg, M. B. (2020). The Impact of Systematic Depression Screening in<br \/>  Primary Care on Depression Identification and Treatment in a Large<br \/> Health Care System: A Cohort Study. JGIM: Journal of General Internal<br \/> Medicine, 35(11), 3141\u20133147. https:\/\/doi-org.databases.msutexas.edu\/10.1007\/s11606-020-05856-5<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>This<br \/>  is a retrospective pre-post study analyzing 259,411 patients in 37<br \/> internal and family medicine clinics in Northeast Ohio during May, June,<br \/>  and July of 2016. The patients included had at least one primary care<br \/> visit. Prior to implementation, the screening was at the clinician\u2019s<br \/> discretion. The intervention consisted of implementing PHQ-2 prior to<br \/> the visit through the patient\u2019s portal. If the PHQ-2 has a score >2,<br \/> then the patient would complete the remaining seven questions included<br \/> in PHQ-9; if the PHQ-9 score >10 (moderate symptoms of depression),<br \/> then the patient will complete PHQ-9 at each sub-visit until score <  5. If PHQ-9 <9, then the patient may complete the assessment  annually. The study results revealed that 59% of patients received  screening PHQ-2; 3% of them scored moderate-severe depression; the rate  of depression increased by 1.2% immediately after the systematic  screening. The rate of patients diagnosed with depression who received  treatment within 90 days increased from 64% to 69%. Additionally, the  adjusted odds of treatment increased by 20% after implementation. The  conclusion: implementation of PHQ in a primary setting with future PHQ-9  assessment when required increased the rates of detected depression  compared to non-use.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><span>Clinical Practice Guideline<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>  U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2016, January 26). Final<br \/> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Recommendation Statement Depression in<br \/> Adults: Screening. U.S. Preventive \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Services Task Force; Journal<br \/>  of the American Medical Association. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><span>Governmental and non-governmental support<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span>Various<br \/>  governmental and non-governmental are involved in programs meant to<br \/> help people experiencing depression, fight the social stigma and offer<br \/> the appropriate support. Some of the organizations are: <\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Mental Health America https:\/\/www.mhanational.org\/ <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Anxiety and Depression Association of America https:\/\/adaa.org\/ <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>7 Cups of Tea https:\/\/www.7cups.com\/ <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance https:\/\/www.dbsalliance.org\/ <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>NAMI Connection https:\/\/www.nami.org\/home <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Postpartum Support International https:\/\/www.postpartum.net\/ <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/ <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Suicide Prevention Resource Center https:\/\/www.sprc.org\/ <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>National Institute of Mental Health https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/ <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Texas Health and Human Services https:\/\/www.hhs.texas.gov\/ <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><span>Strategies to narrow down literature<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span>The<br \/>  search for resources included databases such as CINAHL and MEDLINE<br \/> through the Midwestern State University library website. The articles<br \/> were selected to be peer-reviewed and published in reliable journals<br \/> within the last six years. Additionally, the studies must be primary<br \/> research with quantitative data and measurable outcomes.\u00a0 <br \/><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2013 Depression\u00a0is a debilitating mental illness characterized by a change in mood, particularly feelings of sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, and in severe cases, thoughts of suicide. Worldwide, depression affects approximately 3.8% of the population, with 700,000 deaths by suicide (World Health Organization, 2021). In the U.S.A., the number of people diagnosed with depression is approximately 21 &#8230; <a title=\"\u2013 Reply to the following\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/reply-to-the-following\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about \u2013 Reply to the following\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-102202","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102202","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=102202"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102202\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=102202"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=102202"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=102202"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}