15Mar 2022 by
\n[MUSIC PLAYING]We\u2019re texting multiple people at once, we\u2019re multitasking, and we\u2019re really not making communication our first priority.We don\u2019t want to sacrifice accuracy for a quick communication.Effective communication is a key to success whether in the workplace, at school, in our lives, or at home. Unfortunately, there aremany barriers to communication that lead to misunderstandings. Barriers to communication are often referred to as noise. Noisemeans anything that gets in the way of effective communication. Noise that blocks or distorts a message creates a barrier. Barrierscan be physical, organizational, emotional, nonverbal, cultural, language related, or written.You can hear things on the street. Cars, ambulances, alarms, signals that garage doors are coming and going. You hear all of theenvironmental noise on the street too that you feel a need to jump up and check to see what\u2019s going on elsewhere. It\u2019s verydifficult to stay focused and to maintain concentration.The distortion occurs when you are trying to force a communication through that challenge, through that obstacle. The distortioncan occur because you are trying to make a point but someone or something is distracting you in another way.Physical barriers are pretty obvious, such as closed doors, operating from different company buildings or sites, different timezones, or poor communications technology.Organizational structure can also result in barriers if there\u2019s only top down communication or a culture that doesn\u2019t promote opencommunication.Well, it becomes an us versus them type of environment where you don\u2019t feel like you\u2019re treated right. You don\u2019t feel like you havea future in a place. You don\u2019t feel like your needs are met. And that\u2019s not the ideal environment for any kind of a company or aninstitution to run.Not having an open communication with employees can cause a lot of problems because that\u2019s where your gossip starts. That\u2019swhere speculation begins.Barriers can be emotional especially if someone is angry, resentful, fearful, worried, or stressed. Nonverbal communication canalso confuse the message. Poor body language sends mixed signals such as a lack of interest.It\u2019s kind of the silent language that allows us to reinforce what it is that we\u2019re saying with our vocalics, with our face, with our non-verbals, with the way that we\u2019re dressed.So you really need to pay attention to every single twitch, every single gesture, eye blink, eye roll. Take it all in because they\u2019retrying to tell you something without words.Sometimes it\u2019s in the nonverbal gestures that we can see more of the truth than we can by just getting their approval verbally.Cultural barriers stem from different perspectives, experiences, behaviors, and ideologies that can lead to different interpretationsof a message. Language barriers aren\u2019t just about language differences. Jargon and over complicated or highly technical terms canalso lead to confusion.If I reach out my hand to shake your hand in the American culture that is showing you that I\u2019m interested in friendship. Yet inanother culture, that may be perceived as a form of aggression or violence.
\nOne of the bigger barriers typically tends to be accents. I\u2019ve understood from clients and from students over the years that beingable to actually hear the words that people are saying to them can be frustrating. Your responsibility is to be patient and take yourtime.There are also barriers in written communications through emails, texts, and instant messages. Written messages that contain toomuch information are disorganized or full of errors can be misunderstood.It\u2019s very important to think of business communication as an academic exercise. You need to have an introduction that tells themwhat you\u2019re going to tell them, you need to have a body that explains all of those main ideas and key points, and you need to havea summary that reinforces the parts that you want them to take away.While there are many barriers to communication, there are also many solutions to either prevent or overcome them. In thisprogram, we\u2019ll give you a roadmap to boost communication and lower the noise. Some physical barriers are obvious. A closed door,for example, discourages communication. Companies may have multiple sites that are geographically apart and may be even indifferent time zones. Employees can\u2019t have face-to-face time, considered the most effective form of communication.Naturally when you\u2019re on the other side of the world you have to be mindful that they might be three hours or six hours behind orahead. Someone could be really tired at 7:00 in the morning when you\u2019re in the afternoon or vice versa. Also, if you don\u2019t knowthey\u2019re economic situation you might suggest a means for communicating that could be expensive for them.There may also be inadequate technology for effective communication. Although noise is a common term for any kind of barrier tocommunication, sometimes the noise is, in fact, actual noise. People chatting, construction, mechanical or industrial sounds. Thesecan easily affect our ability to communicate.An example of noise such as physical noise would be coughing, sneezing, or even using verbal fillers, like or as. Many peopleinflect up on their words and they don\u2019t realize that what that does is that it undermines their credibility when they inflected up atthe end of a word.Organizational structure can also cause barriers. If there\u2019s a culture of one way communication or one that doesn\u2019t foster opencommunication, messages can lead to misunderstandings. For example, an over-worked employee may resent a requirement foradditional training while the manager\u2019s intent is only to make the employee more productive. If there\u2019s no two-way communication,the manager won\u2019t understand why the employee is resentful about this training.It is incumbent upon senior management any leadership grou to make sure that their thoughts are conveyed clearly to staff. Inan environment that doesn\u2019t permit that or it doesn\u2019t pay attention to that, you are really asking for problems, because you willhave resistance to any suggestion of change, any suggestion of improvement. It will make staff feel as though they\u2019re left out.There are numerous solutions to physical and organizational barriers. Open office spaces encourage greater communication andbonding as well as an open door policy. Two-way communication is also critical for ensuring messages aren\u2019t misunderstood.An important part of two-way communication is training yourself to stop, to listen, to take it all in, to pause, and not react or notrespondent in the heat of the moment or with so much emotion that we can\u2019t formulate an intelligent or a practical response towhat other people have said.
\nIt\u2019s important to use adequate technology. This isn\u2019t always in your control, but if a message is unclear, follow up or ask for theinformation to be re-sent a different way. Distracting noises can\u2019t always be eliminated, but you can work around them. If you needto communicate under these circumstances, get away from the noise. Find a quiet place where you can hear and be clearly heard.If you work in a consistently noisy area and it\u2019s affecting your ability to communicate, ask your manager for a change of location orfor the use of a quiet area when it\u2019s most important.My favorite tip is pick the right time of day to do what you need to do. Doing it at lunch time when you\u2019re out and about, doing it asyou\u2019re walking along the street, doing it as you\u2019re racing between appointments in the car, that is not the best time to initiate aphone call either with someone new or with a client or someone you\u2019re working with on an ongoing basis. It will appear to theperson receiving the call or the communique that they are not quite good enough to have your full attention so you\u2019re just gettingto them on the fly. If it\u2019s really important to you then make the time to find a quiet place, compose your thoughts, and then havethat meaningful discussion.Physical and organizational barriers are common. But with the right strategies and mindset for open communication, they can beovercome.If you realize that communication is always challenging and that there will always be barriers, take a deep breath, maybe even finda little humor in it, and refocus yourself. Try to be very clear in your communication.Hello? She has a fever? Oh no. I\u2019ve just got a really important meeting, but I\u2019ll be there as soon as I can. Tell her mommy\u2019s on theway. Thank you.Ready for the meeting?I\u2019m so sorry. I won\u2019t be able to make it.I hope you\u2019re pulling my leg. We\u2019ve been working on this project launch for months. Everybody\u2019s going to be there. I can\u2019t do thisalone.Well, you don\u2019t have a choice. Stuff happens. Just deal with it.As much as we try to control them, especially in a professional environment, negative emotions can get the best of us. You may beangry, afraid, or upset, and it may not have anything to do with the person you\u2019re communicating with. If that person isn\u2019t aware ofyour emotional state, it could be surprising or awkward, breaking down the process of communication. Anger hinders the ability tocommunicate. It can make you lash out and say things you\u2019ll later regret.Personal pride can also be a hindrance. Know-it-alls are terrible listeners as they only believe in their point of view. They try to winevery disagreement or get the last word rather than participate in healthy two-way communication. Depression tends to isolatepeople and cut off the communication process altogether. Anxiety or worry also has a negative impact on our ability toconcentrate and can affect our ability to listen or communicate. People have many emotions and all of them have an impact onthe way we engage with others.When we\u2019re happy, when we\u2019re sad, the tone of our voice is greatly affected by our moods. How do you feel if I continue to talk toyou like this and not look at you at all because I\u2019m distracted by some issue of the day? That\u2019s not very pleasant. Wouldn\u2019t youmuch rather see my full face, hopefully a slight smile, some expression or interest in my eyes? That\u2019s the better way tocommunicate.
\nNon-verbal barriers result from the way we physically behave. There\u2019s a tremendous power in body language. It\u2019s one of theprimary ways that people perceive us. If someone sits up straight and makes eye contact, we can assume they\u2019re a lot moreinterested in what\u2019s being said then if they\u2019re looking at their cell phone or slumped in a chair. Understanding body language andways to use it to your advantage can shape every facet of your life. The way others perceive your body language can be thedifference between success and failure.Body language can often tell us more than verbal language. People might say one thing, but they feel something else. If you\u2019rethinking about something else or they\u2019re not sure of themselves and they\u2019re saying something that leaves them in doubt. So oftenby their movement of their hands or by the gestures in their face or however we may interpret it, they\u2019re telling us more by theway they move than by the way they speak.Overcoming emotional and nonverbal barriers is challenging as they\u2019re often so very personal and instinctive. Overcomingemotional responses means recognizing the emotion and getting calm before speaking or responding. It also helps to be aware ofother people\u2019s point of view. If you\u2019re on the other end of an emotional response, consider that the person may be going through adifficult time. Don\u2019t take it personally.So if I\u2019m dealing with something that\u2019s not very comfortable, I use the \u201cI\u201d language. I feel, I believe, I think, I have noticed, in myexperience I. When I switch gears and say you have done XYZ, when you said, blah, blah, blah that creates tension, an emotionalreaction that can stop conversation in its tracks.Physical fitness has a lot to do with how well we communicate. If you\u2019re rested, you feel fine. If you\u2019re not, then your ability to speakwell and be attentive starts to diminish.Being conscious of your body language is very important in all aspects of your life. Simple things like making eye contact, smiling,or sitting upright demonstrates interest, confidence, and enthusiasm, attributes that work in your favor.A good way to start any level of communication is to greet somebody. How are you, my name is so and so, and maybe a little bitof small talk, especially if you have some time. And that always allows you to open the doors to understanding somebody and alsoto bring down barriers.Our body language is so important because it speaks volumes, but it also encourages, it can shut down, it can encourage ordeflate. It can also prompt conversation or it can lead to those questions that you wish someone would ask or conversation thatyou wish would take place. But we have to give someone some type of body action to let them know where you want thiscommunication to go.Communication between people from different cultures is often difficult. Our culture influences the way we think and perceive theworld. It can also affect our behavior. For example, making eye contact can be a positive action in one culture and insulting inanother.Extending of hands as opposed to waiting for a person of a higher stature to extend the hand to you. Handing a business card to asuperior instead of waiting to be asked. There are all sorts of cultural nuances and the more you know, the more you know youneed to know that cultural communication is very important.
\nI\u2019ve understood from some European friends that Americans smile way too much. They prefer a more subtle form of smiling toimply joy or that you\u2019re pleasantly enjoying something. So it is really great, and I think it\u2019s a fun exploration opportunity that if youknow in advance that you\u2019re speaking to people who are from another country, from a different culture, that it\u2019s so easy these daysto Google it and look it up and find what works for them and what doesn\u2019t.Emotions are also displayed differently between cultures. In some areas of the world, people openly exhibit emotions while inothers, they tend to keep them hidden.Because communication is contextual, I suggest looking at your audience, seeing how that individual communicates with others.Does that individual stand close? Does that individual stand far away? Does that individual touch others? Does that individualemote a lot of feelings, expression? And then determine what it is that you are comfortable doing when communicating.Unfortunately, differences can lead to stereotyping, which sets up more barriers. Making assumptions about whole groups ofpeople based on their culture results in many misconceptions.Stereotyping is a two-way street. We are examining the person we\u2019re speaking with or the group of people we\u2019re speaking with,but they\u2019re doing the same thing to us. So obviously somebody of a different gender, someone coming from a different part of theworld, someone who worships differently, we look at each other and we try to size each other up.It is important to remember that we all come to the table with preconceived notions of what experiences should be like and howpeople should be. And they\u2019re not always correct.Language differences can create difficult barriers to communication. Language is very complex, and it\u2019s easy to lose ormisunderstand meaning in translation. Emotional language is particularly difficult as expressions vary across different countriesand cultures.I was in a meeting down in Colombia, South America, and it was a serious meeting about trying to sign an agreement with auniversity there and the president was there. And it was sort of a stiff procedure. At one point and then I went to the restroom andI saw something that was posted on the wall that it was in Spanish and I found to be humorous and I just came back, I waslaughing. And what\u2019s so funny? And I told them and we all started busting out, laughing, and then we just went into a wholedifferent level of communication, which was a lot more enjoyable, lot more authentic. So sometimes it can backfire on you. But inthis case, it worked in my favor.Language barriers also exist amongst people who speak the same language.Warren.Hey. Good morning.So I\u2019m going to send Bob out with you today. He\u2019s great at troubleshooting. Be able to look at the breaker box. See if there\u2019smaybe something underrated in it. Could be a broken neutral, could just be a busted receptacle.Jargon, highly technical terms, acronyms, and overly complex language, they can all seem like great communication shortcuts ora way to show off how smart you are. But they can also easily result in misinterpretation or lack of understanding.Many people around the world who speak English as a primary language will be confused often in the jargon of our industry, of ourfriends, of our ilk.
\nIt\u2019s really important that you be clear without talking down to an individual. It\u2019s really important that you be able to explainyourself and make it easier for the receiver to understand you.Cultural and language barriers can be overcome with the right approaches. Limiting or avoiding the use of jargon or complicatedlanguage will help make your message clearer. Paraphrasing is a useful way for listeners to ensure they understood a messagecorrectly.OK, so what I hear you saying is Bob\u2019s going to go out on a call with me to help identify the problem and make sure we get the jobdone right.That\u2019s it.There are specific strategies you can use to address language differences. First, it\u2019s important to speak slowly and ask forclarification if communication is unclear.Do you understand?[SPEAKING FRENCH]You know what, let me just show you the new. Here it is.[SPEAKING FRENCH]OK. [SPEAKING FRENCH] Perfect.Perfect? Great, thank you.Merci.It\u2019s important to avoid jargon and culture specific idioms. For example, hit it out of the ballpark would lose its meaning in mostcultures outside of the United States. It helps to choose your mode of communication carefully. If translation is needed,communicating by email may be the most efficient way. Any messages should be specific and direct using simple language that\u2019seasy to translate while retaining its meaning.If you know the individual and you know that the individual is comfortable reading the language perhaps that may be the ideal wayto communicate with someone from another language. It gives that individual an opportunity to reflect, to read your message atleisure, and to take time and look up words that perhaps the individual might not know.There are also effective ways to manage cross cultural communication. If you gain an understanding of other cultures, you willhave a better sense of other people\u2019s perspectives. Many companies promote cross cultural training and activities to help withcommunication and bonding. It\u2019s important to have respect for people from other cultures including their values and beliefs even ifthey\u2019re different than yours. If you show respect, you\u2019ll likely receive it back.The more we learn about other cultures, the more respectful we will be one of these differences, because we\u2019ll appreciate what\u2019sdifferent about them and where the beauty is in these cultures.
\nProbably the most important way to cope with language and cross cultural barriers is to be patient. You can\u2019t expect tocommunicate at the same pace or with the same ease as someone from your own culture or language. The point ofcommunication is to convey a message and have that message understood. Culture and language barriers can hamper effectivecommunication so taking steps toward removing them is important.A lot of communication is written such as the exchange of emails, texts, and instant messages. While these modes ofcommunication are easy and convenient, barriers often arise.I have received text messages that struck me as curious and odd and because of the distance and the time factor involved, I couldnot immediately call that person and say, what did you mean by that? And so you find yourself in a lot of situations that occur likethat frequently, especially in business with messages flying back and forth throughout the day. If it really is that troublesome or ifit\u2019s a completely different sense of what you anticipated it to be, it is best not necessarily to reply with another writtencommunique, which will just complicate the matter. It\u2019s best to pick up the phone and call someone.A lack of body language and vocal intonation makes it easy to misinterpret a written comment. Emojis can help convey feelingsbut are not always appropriate, especially in the workplace.In a business setting, in business communication, I cannot stand to see an emoji or an emoticon at the end of a message, becauseit is a casual form. It is animation. It is some type of little cartoon character that\u2019s supposed to tell us how we\u2019re supposed to feelabout whatever we\u2019ve written or received. I don\u2019t recommend it in business settings. But that just goes to show how writtencommunication can be misunderstood. We can\u2019t hear tone. We can\u2019t hear personality. We don\u2019t know rate of speaking or level ofexcitement. We might misunderstood the written word so we add these little images to let someone know, I\u2019m kidding. I\u2019m smiling.I\u2019m sad. Or whatever the emoji or emoticon might be.Emails can be fraught with communication issues. Information overload is one of the most common. Lengthy or disorganizedemails are draining to read, especially with a busy schedule. Often they\u2019ll remain unread or only briefly scanned.Part of the problem with really lengthy emails is interpretation. These days, emails are used, of course, abundantly for everythingfrom quick messages to friends about meeting for lunch to important documentation about functions in the office. It is really, reallycritical to understand that short is better, succinct is better. I tend to use bullet points in a lot of my emails so people understandmy top of mind thoughts and what I want to accomplish.Emails and texts are often written quickly and can be full of errors. Some may be insignificant, but others can be more serious.Spelling mistakes and incorrect grammar also reflects poorly on the writer. It implies you\u2019re careless or too lazy to review whatyou\u2019ve written before hitting the send button. Fortunately, there are specific actions and techniques you can use to eliminatebarriers in written communication. The first is to keep your written messages concise and targeted. If you\u2019re sending an email,make sure the subject line is specific about the contents. Keep the body of your email short and to the point without unnecessarydetails. The easier a message is to read, the more likely it will be clearly received.So when you are targeted, you can figure who am I writing to? Is it Katherine Brown, is Miss Brown, is it Katie? How do we get toknow this person? Then we open with a very targeted message on how that particular campaign applies or appeals to them. Sothere\u2019s an emotional hook early on. There\u2019s a reason they should continue reading.Think about the mode of your message including the format. Is an email appropriate for formal communication or is a letterprinted on business stationary better? Is your font style or email signature appropriate for the receiver?
\nAs a new employee, there is a style guide that most organizations have. It tells you about the font, the size of the font, and exactlywhat type of written communication you need to be using.Whenever you have serious news to share, I always recommend, suggest, if not demand that you send a formal letter such as aletter accepting a job or a letter resigning from one. Anytime you have news that change of status or shares breaking news of anytype, then you need to treat that in a very formal, respectful way.Today, it is very acceptable to send thank yous for interviews or for meetings via email, but the occasional handwritten letternever goes out of style, or handwritten note. Because it shows you took the time to sit down to put thoughts on paper, composethem, grammatically, correctly, and send it off. And that\u2019s very meaningful.When interpreting written communications, a reader will tend to see it in a more negative light than it was intended. Consider howothers might interpret your message. Does it possibly come across as cold, brash, sarcastic, accusatory, or belittling? Skillfulwriting and an understanding of how people respond to words leads to effective communication.So you really have to know how to write effectively. And if you aren\u2019t that strong of a writer then you need to find someone who isand humble yourself and let them correct your work. With respect to word choice, I always say know your audience, know whoyou\u2019re writing to. If you\u2019re writing to someone of a different generation then you need to speak formally, much more respectfully.You may want to use some bigger words than you\u2019re used to. If you\u2019re writing to a colleague or people of your own generation oryour own work base, then you might be able to get away with more casual things. But I would say leave all the cliches andexpressions and the street talk, leave that out of business correspondence, because it certainly doesn\u2019t have any place.To avoid errors in spelling and grammar and to keep your message clear, follow these three R\u2019s. Review, reflect, and revise.Although it takes some time, reviewing what you\u2019ve written will help you catch errors and will reflect better on you as a skilledcommunicator. Reflecting means looking at the key points of your message to make sure they\u2019re clear. Have you covered theessential points? Is there redundant or unnecessary information that can be removed? If you found errors or content that isunclear, the last step is to make the necessary revisions. To overcome barriers to written communication, you need to make surethat your message is targeted and concise. Ensure the wording won\u2019t be negatively interpreted. Consider the most appropriatemode for your message and take time to review, reflect, and revise.In order to be an excellent writer, you need to be an excellent reader. And I suggest going into bookstores and picking upnewspapers and magazines that aren\u2019t from this region, getting into different topics or subjects that you don\u2019t have exposure to inthis particular footprint and just widen your circle so that you have influences from some really good writers. You cannotstrengthen your writing skills unless you pick up a book or magazine or a newspaper and read.There are many barriers to communication known as noise as it distracts from the message. Barriers can cause your message tobecome distorted and lead to confusion or misunderstandings. Effective communication involves overcoming these barriers toconvey a clear message that will be understood. To do this, you need to know what barriers exist and how to cope with them.Physical barriers can include closed doors, operating from different sites or time zones, noise distractions, and one-waycommunication from the top down. Physical barriers can be overcome in various ways, such as utilizing an open office spaceenvironment, having an open door policy, and fostering two-way communication. You also need to use adequate technology thatallows your message to get across clearly. If there are distractions due to sound, find a quiet place or ask for support to managethe noisy environment.
\nEmotional barriers can\u2019t hinder the ability to communicate rationally. Non-verbal behavior, such as body language, can affect theway others perceive the way we are responding to them. If you are in a negative emotional state, it\u2019s important to recognize it andget calm before interacting with others. If you were the target of an emotional response, be understanding and don\u2019t take itpersonally. It\u2019s also important to be conscious of your body language as it\u2019s critical to how others perceive you.Cultural barriers stem from experiences, behaviors, and beliefs that differ between cultures and can lead to misunderstandings.Language barriers, whether the use of a different language, jargon, or highly complex terms are also a major hindrance tocommunication. The best way to communicate in most settings is to avoid jargon or highly complex language. It also helps toparaphrase what has been said to ensure mutual understanding. When communicating to someone who speaks a differentlanguage, it\u2019s important to speak slowly, ask for clarification if you don\u2019t understand, and check his or her understanding of yourmessages. You should also avoid culture specific idioms that can confuse a message.Cultures have their own behaviors, belief systems, and style of communication so it\u2019s important to have an understanding of othercultures. Being respectful and patient also helps break down culture and language barriers. When you\u2019re communicating in writtenform, there\u2019s no body language or tone of voice to help you interpret how something is meant. Information overload and errors inspelling and grammar also lead to misinterpretations. To overcome written barriers, keep messages concise and targeted. Sinceit\u2019s easy for written messages to be misunderstood, check your wording to make sure it won\u2019t be negatively interpreted.Also, consider what is the best mode of communication depending on the level of formality. And finally, review, reflect, and reviseyour correspondence to make sure it\u2019s clear, concise, and free of errors. Communication plays a major role in our lives, personallyand professionally. It\u2019s critical for developing relationships, building trust, and gaining respect. Communication can determinewhether we succeed or fail and it affects our reputation. There are many barriers to communication but if you understand how toovercome them, there are also many opportunities for success.[MUSIC PLAYING]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
15Mar 2022 by [MUSIC PLAYING]We\u2019re texting multiple people at once, we\u2019re multitasking, and we\u2019re really not making communication our first priority.We don\u2019t want to sacrifice…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-146843","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/146843","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=146843"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/146843\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=146843"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=146843"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academicwritersbay.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=146843"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}