BIOSTAT FINAL

Submit this completed document for Lab #1
Biostatistics Lab #1. Household Data and Heart Disease Worksheet
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Please use the dataset provided and SPSS code to complete this assignment. You are to
1. Identify four (4) variables from our dataset to investigate how those variables may or may not influence heart disease (place in chart).
2. Share at least two hypotheses to investigate from the data provided (place in chart).
3. Share SPSS code that you will use to analyze the data and attach a copy of your output using the appropriate Assignment link (place in chart)
4. Write a brief description, the assumptions regarding the statistical analysis that will be tested, and rationale for each statistical technique chosen. Review the heart disease map of Governors Township (your community) to discuss how your hypotheses connect to previous research data (from the video) and how your 4 variables would define the purpose of the experiment data. 
Part 1. Identify four (4) variables you plan to use and analyze for each lab assignment including history of heart disease
Refer to the Assignments forum to learn more about the details. Analyze the data using four (4) variables including history of heart disease. Use the same four (4) variables for all labs.

Variable#

Variable Names

Type

Value

1

Race

Categorical

Black
White
Hispanic
Asian

2

Annual Household Income

Categorical

$= Low
$$ =Median
$$$ = Median to High $$$$=High

3

Annual Household Income

Numerical

70,000+

4

Home Size

Categorical

Small (S)
Medium (M)
Large (L)

5

Home Price

Numerical

$200,00 and above

6

Number of Bedrooms

Numerical

2 to 5

7

Household Size

Numerical

1 to 7

8*

History of Heart Disease

Categorical

Yes (Y)
No (N)

NOTE asterisk * denotes to include history of heart disease as one of the four variables selected to analyze.
Part 2. Generate two hypotheses about why heart disease is prevalent in the United States.
Remember, you are to review the heart disease map of Governors Township (your community) and generate two different possible hypotheses. Now that you have observed the population statistics video on heart disease and identified four (4) variables from the Household Data set, develop hypotheses based on your observations that would help better understand the epidemic of heart disease in America. Review the heart disease map of Governors Township (your community) labeled Map Key.api graphic to create each hypothesis. Identify SPSS Code that you would use to analyze each hypothesis.

List hypothesis #1

Hypothesis

Suggested SPSS Code

Null Hypothesis #1 (HO1)

low-income families have a greater prevalence of occurrence of heart disease

Descriptive variable= frequency=historyof heart disease/annualhousehold income/statistics=mean stddev min-max

List hypothesis #2

Alternative Hypothesis #2 (HA2)

Minority groups have a higher occurrences of heart disease.

Descriptive variable=frequencies =race/statistics= mean stddev min-max

Example of SPSS Code
2.1 Descriptive Statistics (includes means, standard deviations, frequencies, etc. for all variables in the study). Use SPSS (see chart below) to address each hypothesis. Place your SPSS code in the worksheet provided and attach the output using the Assignments link.

Sample SPSS Code
descriptives write
/statistics = mean stddev variance min max range
You will run descriptive statistics on your 4 variables of choice above and include the SPSS code along with the output here.

Part 3. Write brief summary your hypotheses connect to previous research data (from the video) and how your 4 variables would define the purpose of the experiment data. 
Low-income families have more heart disease due to several connected factors. Financial constraints prevent people from receiving high-quality healthcare, delaying diagnosis and treatment. Low incomes restrict access to healthful food, resulting in processed food diets missing fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. This leads to obesity and hypertension, heart disease risk factors.
Stress, which is common in low-income areas, also matters. Stress may lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms like smoking, drinking, and eating, which increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Low-income people also reside in places with few safe outdoor exercise spaces, aggravating the situation.
Compared to the general population, African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans have higher death rates from cardiovascular disease. Socioeconomic, healthcare, cultural, and genetic variables cause the differences.
Minority heart disease prevalence is heavily influenced by socioeconomic status. Williams et al. (2010) found a link between heart disease and poor income and education. Their findings showed that lower-income African Americans had more heart disease than higher-income ones. Rodriguez et al. (2015) found that Hispanics and African Americans had reduced access to healthcare, resulting in misdiagnosed or untreated cardiac disorders.
Cultural variables also affect heart disease prevalence. According to research, cultural dietary traditions may affect heart health. Studies suggest that Hispanics are more likely to be obese and diabetic, which increases their heart disease risk. This may be due to cultural eating patterns (Daviglus et al., 2012). Genetic predispositions are particularly important for African Americans, who have a higher rate of hypertension, a significant risk factor for heart disease (Lackland et al., 2014).
A thorough approach is required to address these differences. This should involve improving healthcare accessible, addressing socioeconomic inequities, introducing culturally sensitive medicines, and studying minority genetic predispositions. Addressing the root causes of heart disease in minority populations is essential to improving health.
References:
Adler NE, Newman K. Socioeconomic disparities in health: pathways and policies. Health Aff (Millwood). 2002 Mar-Apr;21(2):60-76.
Daviglus ML, Talavera GA, Avilés-Santa ML, Allison M, Cai J, Criqui MH, Gellman M, Giachello AL, Gouskova N, Kaplan RC, LaVange L. Prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases among Hispanic/Latino individuals of diverse backgrounds in the United States. JAMA. 2012 Nov 7;308(17):1775-84.
Lackland DT, Roccella EJ, Deutsch AF, Fornage M, George MG, Howard G, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Schwamm LH. Factors influencing the decline in stroke mortality: a statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014 Jun;45(6):315-53.
Rodriguez CJ, Allison M, Daviglus ML, Isasi CR, Keller C, Leira EC, Palaniappan L, Piña IL, Ramirez SM, Rodriguez B, Sims M. Status of cardiovascular disease and stroke in Hispanics/Latinos in the United States: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014 Nov 11;130(7):593-625.
Williams DR, Mohammed SA, Leavell J, Collins C. Race, socioeconomic status, and health: complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Feb;1186(1):69-101

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