(Mt) – International and Humanitarian Disaster Management for Diseases of the Displaced Discussion Board Response

Some Potential Causes for Diseases Outbreaks in Displaced Populations Many infectious diseases have been seen everywhere around the globe. This post will focus on those outbreaks which occur during or after disasters in displaced populations. To begin with, when emergencies, particularly major disasters strike a community, these disasters will likely lead to tremendous damage in the healthcare system, including immunization services (Lam, McCarthy, & Brennan, 2015). As a result of this disruption, the VPDs will likely spread among the affected community. For example, a recent study has shown that many infectious diseases have been seen in the United States post hurricanes, especially among displaced persons (Shukla, WocColburn, & Weatherhead, 2018). Therefore, it is vital to prepare for such major disasters and ensure the healthcare system will not be dramatically affected. I also believe that lacking medical protection equipment such as personal protective equipment (PPE) and infection control activities during disasters is another significant reason for increasing the infectious diseases among displaced persons, particularly in which poverty has taken place. In Yemen, for instance, the war has forced many Yemenis to escape from their homes to be internally displaced far away from their neighborhoods (Federspiel & Ali, 2018). While being displaced, I think these Yemenis will likely face difficulty in affording the clean food and water due to the adverse effects of the conflict. In fact, the cholera outbreak also has erupted in Yemen due to the contamination of the water supply caused by the war (Federspiel & Ali, 2018). Hence, further in the future, I foresee that the number of cholera patients will adversely expand if the Yemen government is not partnering with the United Nations, for instance, to afford the clean food with water and implement vaccinations for these affected populations. Some Potential Solutions to Address These Outbreaks No doubt utilizing vaccines, antiviral drugs, or chemoprophylaxis can be a valuable solution to many infectious diseases and viruses. Another potential solution that could be helpful is a collaboration response from organizations to protect the community against these outbreaks. For instance, in Congo, since many Ebola outbreak cases confirmed, a cooperation response has been done by the Ministry of Health in Congo (MOH), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to response to the Ebola outbreak effectively (World Health Organization, 2018). While the World Health Organization deploys Regional Emergency Directors, who evaluate and support the response actions, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) responsible for protecting and assisting refugees and ensuring that these refugees are in a safe place. For instance, in 2018, the UNHCR hosted and protected over 35,000 refugees in Congo (World Health Organization, 2018). Because of this coordination response, I believe that these organizations will enable and facilitate the response action to Ebola and will effectively support and protect those in need. To my mind, I think funds also play a crucial role in minimizing, protecting, and responding to infectious diseases. Because when the developing countries where outbreaks spread receive much budget from the United Nations, for instance, I foresee that these affected countries will likely benefit from the funds by providing such as medical equipment, infection control activities, and building community capacities in hazard zones (World Health Organization, 2018). It is thus vital that the global community donations support the affected populations. I think that educating the displaced people about the risk of these outbreaks and appropriate immunizations can play a significant role in the prevention of these diseases, thereby protecting the populations. References Federspiel, F., & Ali, M. (2018). The cholera outbreak in Yemen: lessons learned and way forward. BMC public health, 18(1), 1338. Retrieved October 3, 2019, from https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-6227-6 Lam, E., Mccarthy, A., Brennan, M., & Lam, E. (2015). Vaccine-preventable diseases in humanitarian emergencies among refugee and internally-displaced populations. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 11(11), 2627–2636. Retrieved October 3, 2019, from https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1096457 Shukla, M. A., Woc-Colburn, L., & Weatherhead, J. E. (2018). Infectious Diseases in the Aftermath of Hurricanes in the United States. Current Tropical Medicine Reports, 5(4), 217-223. Retrieved October 3, 2019, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40475-018-0162-6 World Health Organization. (2018). Ebola Virus Disease Democratic Republic of Congo: External Situation Report 9. Retrieved October 3, 2019, from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272785/SITREP_EVD_DRC_20180608eng.pdf There are several diseases that are consistently seen in displaced populations. Please explain potential causes for these outbreaks. Mass population movement after a disaster can cause an increase in both morbidity and mortality (Bengtsson et al., 2011). When the displaced group arrives at their new destination many bring the diseases or vectors with them. The most common disease outbreaks seen in refugee camps include measles, polio, meningitis, hepatitis A, and cholera (Lam & McCarthy& Brennan, 2015). Because many refugees live in a camp-like setting, whether formal or makeshift this increases the susceptibility of contracting one of these (or other) infections. In addition to living in close proximity with other possibly infected people is poor nutrition, limited to no access to potable water, and poor sanitation (Lam et al., 2015). The emotional and physical stress of uprooting from one place to another due to a disaster can exacerbate pre-existing conditions, increases a person’s susceptibility to disease, or increase their chances of mortality. While living in close quarters, and poor sanitation can explain the transmission of the disease, there are things that lead up to patient zero contracting the illness in the beginning. For example, in Somali refugees in Kenya researchers found gastrointestinal and respiratory distress; caused by complications from measles could be associated with the severe famine and drought in Somalia (Lam et al., 2015). To combat these illnesses, aid workers gave vitamin A supplements, oral rehydrants and education on nutritional management programs What are potential solutions for addressing these disease outbreaks? The most important and proactive mode of addressing these disease outbreaks will always be immunization. This is especially true for areas with well know vaccine-preventable diseases. However, we need to also focus on neglected tropical diseases more because they have such a tremendous impact on societal changes, higher transmission. The burden of disease is a way to quantify the impact the disease has on a community or even a global scale. The next method of addressing the outbreak is education; education holds the key to understanding why and how. It is equally essential that education is taught by someone from that community or someone who knows the community well for the baseline area of trust. Also, what good is the information if the people cannot understand it, the instructions must be on a level that the refugees can understand. These two modes of addressing the disease outbreaks in displaced population camps are the most plausible. While there are other ways of addressing outbreaks, such as moving the camps to larger areas, improving health conditions, etc. will take years to accomplish. Immunization and education are cost-effective and have positive results in several historically challenging outbreaks of disease. Reference Bengtsson, L., Lu, X., Thorson, A., Garfield, R., & Schreeb, J. V. (2011). Improved Response to Disasters and Outbreaks by Tracking Population Movements with Mobile Phone Network Data: A Post-Earthquake Geospatial Study in Haiti. PLoS Medicine, 8(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001083 Eugene Lam, Amanda McCarthy & Muireann Brennan (2015) Vaccine-preventable diseases in humanitarian emergencies among refugee and internally-displaced populations, Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 11:11, 26272636, DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1096457

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