(Mt) – Saudi Electronic University Lead in Toys and Drinking Water Case Study

College of Administrative and Financial Sciences Assignment 1 Deadline: 19/10/2019 @ 23:59 Course Name: Student’s Name: Course Code: Student’s ID Number: Semester: I CRN: Academic Year: 1440/1441 H For Instructor’s Use only Instructor’s Name: Students’ Grade: Marks Obtained/Out of Level of Marks: High/Middle/Low Instructions – PLEASE READ THEM CAREFULLY • The Assignment must be submitted on Blackboard (WORD format only) via allocated folder. • Assignments submitted through email will not be accepted. • Students are advised to make their work clear and well presented, marks may be reduced for poor presentation. This includes filling your information on the cover page. • Students must mention question number clearly in their answer. • Late submission will NOT be accepted. • Avoid plagiarism, the work should be in your own words, copying from students or other resources without proper referencing will result in ZERO marks. No exceptions. • All answered must be typed using Times New Roman (size 12, double-spaced) font. No pictures containing text will be accepted and will be considered plagiarism). • Submissions without this cover page will NOT be accepted. Assignment Regulation: • All students are encouraged to use their own word. • Assignment -1 should be submitted on or before the end of Week-07 in Black Board only. • This assignment is an individual assignment. • Citing of references is also necessary. Assignment Structure: A.No Assignment-1 Total Type Case Study Marks 5 5 Learning Outcomes: • Explain the forces driving and evaluate the impact of globalization • Discuss the reasons for and methods of governments’ intervention in trade • Understand processes of exporting and importing Case study Please read Case 5: “Lead in Toys and Drinking Water” available in your e-book (page no.615), and answer the following questions: Assignment Questions: 1. Should there be a global standard for toy manufacturing? What are some of the benefits and what are some of the drawbacks of a potential global quality and manufacturing standard? 2. With some 80 percent of the toys sold in the United States being manufactured in China, should the United States place greater emphasis on its toy-trading relationship with China? Could the United States control China’s manufacturing more than it does today? How? 3. The Flint, Michigan, water crisis highlighted a major issue in the United States regarding old lead-based pipes used to transport water to the community. This came to light in Flint due to the failure of applying corrosion inhibitors to the water when the city leadership decided to switch water sources. What global fail-safe mechanisms should be enforced on water consumption, and other consumable products, to safeguard from potential lead poisoning? Lead in Toys and Drinking Water Toys for children are made in numerous countries and then exported to buyers throughout the world. In some countries, such as United States, certain protection exists to make sure that toys are safe for children. The U.S Consumer Product Safety commission (CPSC) regularly issues recalls of toys that have the potential to expose children to danger such as lead or other heavy metals. Lead may be found in the paint and in the plastic used to make the toys. If ingested, (e.g. children chewing on toys), lead is poisonous and can damage the nervous system and cause brain disorders. Lead is also a neurotoxin that can accumulate in both soft tissue and bones in the body. For these reasons, lead was banned in house paint, in toys marketed children, and in dishes or cookware in the United States in 1978. In addition, in an agreement between china’s General Administration of Quality supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) and CPSC, the chinses agreed to take action to eliminate the use of Lead paint for Chinesemanufactured toys that are exported to the U.S. With the China’s prominence as a toy manufacturing country, this agreement was a step toward making safe products for children. Still, Lead countries to be hazard in a quarter of all U.S. homes with children under age 6. A wide range of toys and children’s products, including many market-leading and reputable brands, often contain either Lead or other heavy metals. Estimates exist that suggest that one-third of Chinese toys still contain heavy metals. These estimates are supported by researchers from Greenpeace and IPEN, who conducted a study by using 500 toys and children’s products they bought in five Chinese cities. They tested the products the products with handheld X-ray scanners and found that 163 of the toys were tainted with heavy metals above the norm (percentage). “These contaminated toys not only poison children when chewed or touched but can enter the body through the air they breathe .”Said Ada Kong Cheuk-san at Greenpeace. This testing result is a major problem given that China manufactures 80 percent of the toys sold in the United States. While Lead in the paint on toys has not been eliminated, the focus on cleaning up lead in the paint has been given front-page coverage in the news for the last decade. Lead in toys is certainly not gone, but at least more and more people are paying attention. Several organizations-both governmental and privateare examining lead-based paint in toys on a continual basis. For example, The New York Times and Consumer reports recently found that dangerous product for children are still widely available. The Ecology center, which is headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, has created a website called HealthyStuff.org that contains a database of toys and other products that have been tested for dangerous chemicals. While lead in paints seems to be in focus, the use of lead in plastics has not been banned! Lead is used to soften the plastics and make more flexible to allow it to go back to its original shape after children play with the toys. Plus, lead may be also used in plastic toys to stabilize molecules from heat. Unfortunately, when the plastic is exposed to sunlight, air, and detergents, for example, the chemical bond between the lead and plastics break down and forms dust that can enter the human body. Another unfortunate part about lead is that it is invisible to the naked eye and has no detectable smell. This means that children may be exposed to lead from toys (and other consumer products) through normal playing activity (e.g., hand-to-mouth activity). As everyone with children knows, children often put toys, fingers, and other objects in their mouth, exposing themselves to lead paint or dust. The Flint, Michigan, water crisis that spanned 2014 to 2017 is one significant news story that highlighted the unfortunate part about lead being invisible and with no detectable smell. The Flint water crisis started in April 2014 when Flint city management change its water source (which is sourced from Lake Huron and Detroit River) to the Flint River. A critical mistake in making this switch of water source that was Flint officials failed to apply corrosion inhibitors to the water. The result was that upward of 12,000 children were exposed to drinking water with high levels of lead. Contaminated drinking water – with lead or other contaminant – is a problem the affects some 1.8 million people in the world according to the World Health Organization. Children are also more vulnerable to lead than adults; there is no safe level of lead for children. The worldwide toy industry has published a voluntary standard of 90 ppm (part per million) for lead in toys, which of course, is greater than a ban on lead paint used for toys and in the materials used to make the toys (such as plastics). But since 2007, the world has at least seen stricter standard that make it safer for children to play with newly purchase toys. The CPSC in the United States, the European Union, and China’s AQSIQ are actively monitoring and enforcing stricter standards. But, according to Scott Wolfson of the CPSC ,many toy manufacturers have been violating safety regulations for almost 30 years. So, are toys safer now and are they really safe to play with throughout the world? What do we do the old toys, old water pipes, and untested products?

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