social sciences

Module 1:  Introduction to the Social Sciences: Ancestry, Location, Society, Leadership, and Mind
View the   SOSC_101_M1_PP.pptx  Download SOSC_101_M1_PP.pptx accompanying this lecture as you read the material.
Social sciences are called sciences because they commit to carefully studying their subject and derive their conclusions using the scientific method. We know that sciences are not perfect and that our studies need to be improved as we continue to advance in science. That is why we join the conversation by studying and publishing our findings to expose our ideas and see if they hold. Science commits to scrutinize and be scrutinized by other scientists. 
In the social sciences, specifically, the commitment is toward understanding the nature of society from different angles. Anthropology, for example, focuses on the human being, her ancestry, history, and culture. Geography sees humans from the perspective of where they are in terms of location. Sociology wants to understand how humans organize in society. Political science studies how we govern ourselves, and the nature of governments. Psychology focuses on human beings’ thinking and inner person, and economics studies the way resources are managed and distributed within society. 
 Anthropology
Anthropology looks at human beings from their biological and socially acquired characteristics. Archeology, a subfield that contributes to anthropology, helps us understand how other human beings became human within a specific society in a historical moment. It also looks at subgroups that form within society and studies how these subgroups interact with the rest of that same society.
Sometimes we might not have written records on a specific society that lived before historical accounts were made. Anthropology and archeology offer a view of these societies by studying, for example, utensils found in excavations. They also look at symbols made in weapons or tools; colors used in their clothing. All these bring out and contribute to our understanding of the human from the anthropological perspective.     
  Geography
Geography tries to understand how the environment, the place, the location where we find ourselves influence the way we live. For example, farming might be a typical job for someone who lives in a certain region. However, people who live in the city typically might not know much about farming. They enjoy the products that farming contributes to society, but they are not aware of how these products are made.
Geography influences how we dress and what materials we might have accessible due to costs in bringing these materials to where we live. Do we live on an island, on the coast, in the middle of a large continent? As we go further into geography within the social sciences, we will see that location has everything to do with how the specific society we live in is structured.
  Sociology
When we study the relationships among the people that constitute a society, we are doing sociology. We could say that sociology studies people, but not individuals on their own. They rather study how these groups of individuals interact to produce and create the elements that constitute society. Sociology, we could say, studies the fabric that connects us even when we cannot see it. Sociologists must observe what we take for granted in society and try to understand why we accept those phenomena.
Society sometimes tends to include certain people and exclude others. Sociology will help us find the reason why we do this, and in the best-case scenario, it will help us improve this type of situation. What type of challenges are faced by someone whose sexuality is not accepted in that society? Sociology identifies what most of us see as common sense and might show us that common sense could be wrong and that there is something we might need to improve. 
Another topic we could explore in the study of sociology is opportunity. This can help with understanding how some societies offer great opportunities to their members, and others do not so much. When we look at ancient societies that disappeared and look at their nature, it might help us improve the direction of our efforts and the structures of our social arrangements.  
  Political Science
Another field of the social sciences is political science. We should not confuse politics with political science. In political science, we try to understand how leadership is developed in a certain society, the nature of government, and the effectiveness of governing a specific society. All societies need leaders. But how we determine if someone should be or not the leader of a given society is one of the approaches political sciences take to understand the power structures within a given society.
The word “polis” is originally Greek, and it means city. Political science wants to decipher the intricate relations among society and the governing structures within a particular “city”. Is this type of government better for this type of society? Are the values of the culture congruent with the type of leadership developing within that society? Can leadership be improved, and how should we elect these leaders?  
  Psychology
Humans are complex. The way we function within society is a result of the way we feel and think as individuals. Psychology looks deeper into the individual and tries to understand the behavior of that individual. When psychology suggests improvement in the behavior of an individual, it does so to help them participate effectively in the society they are a member of.
Although the word psychology originally means “the study of the soul”, (“psy” = soul, “logy” = study of, this also comes from the Greeks, specifically Aristotle), in modern times psychology tries to understand why we behave the way we do. Psychology, neurology, philosophy, and biology have contributed to each other in modern times to try to understand why we act the way we do. We still are not able to study a physical mind, but we have developed theories based on the careful study of human action through psychology.
As individuals think and feel, they participate in society. Sometimes leadership is developed to plant an idea like patriotism, nationality, and others. These concepts need a psychological structure to be carried on to society. Psychology will help us understand better the relationship between those ideas and how we behave on them within the society we live in.
  Economics
Finally, economics tries to understand the resources we have, the ones we develop, and the distribution of those resources and their potential. Maybe we have more than what we need to live in a just society. Maybe there is no need for poverty. Maybe if we analyze the distribution of wealth and how it is generated, we find ways to improve it.
Economics might hold the key to creating a society that can provide all its members with what they need to live a healthy life. Economics is one of the social sciences that need to be included in our elemental education. Although we might not be interested in the study of numbers, or mathematics, the economy is a lot more than that. Economics is the social science that might show us how to do more with less. 
References:
Dillon, M. (2019).  Introduction to sociological theory: Theorists, Concepts, and their applicability to the twenty-first century. ProQuest Ebook Central  https://ebookcentral.proquest.comLinks to an external site.
Links to an external site. Films Media Group. (2012).  Introduction to sociology: Deviant behavior.  Films On Demand. Retrieved October 15, 2021, from  https://fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=103637&xtid=117901Links to an external site. .
Holbrook, J. (2015, Mar 10) 1 – Intro to Social Science ISS1120.
. 
Rousseau, N. (2014).  Society explained: An introduction to sociology. ProQuest Ebook Central  https://ebookcentral.proquest.comLinks to an external site.
Soomo Publishing. (Feb 11, 2011)  An Animated Introduction to Social Science. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSIdaTSG2Gg

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